The Immuno-Oncology
Featured Products
- Swine Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts
- Swine Pancreatic Islets Cells
- Swine Lung Alveolar Cells
- Swine kidney Fibroblasts
- Swine Hepatocytes
- Swine Dermal Fibroblats
- Swine Cardiomyocytes
- Swine Cardiac Fibroblasts
- Rat Sprague Dolly Serum Wistar
- Rat Sprague Dolly Serum SD
- Rat Sprague Dolly Serum Immuno-deficient
- Rat Sprague Dolly Plasma Pooled Wistar
- Rat Sprague Dolly Plasma Pooled SD
- Rat Sprague Dolly Plasma Pooled Immuno-deficient
- Rat Sprague Dolly Plasma Female Immuno-deficient
- Rat Schwann Cells Wistar
- Rat Schwann Cells SD
- Rat Schwann Cells Immuno-deficient
- Rat Pulmonary Fibroblasts Wistar
- Rat Pulmonary Fibroblasts SD
- Rat Pulmonary Fibroblasts Immuno-deficient
- Rat Lymphatic Fibroblasts Wistar
- Rat Lymphatic Fibroblasts SD
- Rat Lymphatic Fibroblasts Immuno-deficient
- Rat IGS Serum Wistar
- Rat IGS Serum SD
- Rat IGS Serum SD
- Rat IGS Serum Immuno-deficient
- Rat IGS Plasma Wistar
- Rat IGS Plasma SD
- Rat IGS Plasma Pooled Wistar
- Rat IGS Plasma Pooled SD
- Rat IGS Plasma Pooled Immuno-deficient
- Rat IGS Plasma Immuno-deficient
- Rat Hepatocytes Suspension Wistar
- Rat Hepatocytes Suspension SD
- Rat Hepatocytes Suspension Immuno-deficient
- Rat Hepatocytes Plateable-Wistar
- Rat Hepatocytes Plateable-SD
- Rat Hepatocytes Plateable-Immuno-deficient
- Rat Cardiomyocytes Wistar
- Rat Cardiomyocytes SD
- Rat Cardiomyocytes Immuno-deficient
- Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts Wistar
- Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts SD
- Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts Immuno-deficient
- Rat Brain Vascular Pericytes Wistar
- Rat Brain Vascular Pericytes SD
- Rat Brain Vascular Pericytes Immuno-deficient
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived NK Cells Wistar
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived NK Cells Immuno-deficient
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Muse Cells Wistar
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Muse Cells SD
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Muse Cells Immuno-deficient
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Muse Cells
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mononuclear Cells Wistar
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mononuclear Cells Immuno-deficient
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mononuclear Cells
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Wistar
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Immuno Deficient
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells CD
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Dendritic Cells
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Dendritic Cells
- Rat Bone Marrow Derived Dendritic Cells
- Primary Human Hepatic Stellate Cells
- 谅解备忘录se Primary Bone Marrow Derived NK Cells CD1
- 谅解备忘录se Primary Bone Marrow Derived NK Cells C57
- 谅解备忘录se Plateable Hepatocytes (CD1)
- 谅解备忘录se Plateable Hepatocytes (C57)
- 谅解备忘录se Plateable Hepatocytes (BalbC)
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Plasma
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Lung Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Liver Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Intestinal S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Intestinal Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se NOD SCID Intestinal Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Muse cells CD1
- 谅解备忘录se Muse cells C57
- 谅解备忘录se Muse cells BalbC
- 谅解备忘录se Lung S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Lung Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Lung Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Lung Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Liver Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Liver Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Liver Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Liver Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Intestinal S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Intestinal Microsome Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Intestinal Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Intestinal Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Plasma
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Lung S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Lung Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Lung Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Lung Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Liver Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Liver Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Liver Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Intestinal S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Intestinal Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Intestinal Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hybrid Intestinal Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Hepatocytes Suspension CD1
- 谅解备忘录se Hepatocytes Suspension C57
- 谅解备忘录se Hepatocytes Suspension BalbC
- 谅解备忘录se Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- 谅解备忘录se Derived Dendritic Cells
- 谅解备忘录se DBA S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Plasma
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Lung S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Lung Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Lung Lysosome Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Lung Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Liver Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Liver Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Intestinal Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Intestinal Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se DBA Intestinal Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Cardiomyocytes CD1
- 谅解备忘录se Cardiomyocytes C57
- 谅解备忘录se Cardiomyocytes BalbC
- 谅解备忘录se Cardiac Fibroblasts CD1
- 谅解备忘录se Cardiac Fibroblasts C57
- 谅解备忘录se Cardiac Fibroblasts BalbC
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Plasma
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Lung S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Lung Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Lung Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Lung Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Liver Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Liver Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Liver Cytosol Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Intestinal S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Intestinal Microsomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se C57 BL/6N Intestinal Lysosomes Mixed Gender
- 谅解备忘录se Brain Vascular Pericytes
- 人类脐带血液引出ed NK cells
- 人类脐带血液引出ed Mononuclear cells
- 人类脐带血液引出ed Dendritic Cells
- 人类脐带血液引出ed CD34+ Cells
- Human T Helper Cells
- Human Splenic Fibroblasts
- Human Splenic Endothelial Cells
- Human Skin S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- Human Skin Derived Microvascular Dermal Endothelial Cells Adult
- Human Skin Derived Epidermal Melanocytes Fetal
- 人类皮肤表皮黑色素细胞成人派生而来
- Human Skin Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Neonatal
- Human Skin Derived Epidermal Keratinocytes Fetal
- 人类皮肤表皮角化细胞成人派生而来
- Human Skin Derived Dermal Fibroblasts Fetal
- Human Skin Derived Dermal Fibroblasts Adult
- Human Serum Peripheral Blood Single Donor
- Human Serum Cord Blood Single Donor
- Human Serum Bone Marrow Single Donor
- Human Seminal vesicles microvascular endothelial cells
- Human Seminal Vesicles Fibroblasts
- Human Seminal Vesicles Endothelial cells
- Human S9 Fraction Heart
- Human S9 Fraction
- Human Pulmonary Small Airway Epithelial Cells
- Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts
- Human Pleatable Hepatocytes Pooled
- Human Plateable Hepatocytes
- Human Plasma Cord Blood Pooled
- Human Plasma
- Human Peripheral Blood-Derived NK Cells
- Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Muse Cells
- Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Mononuclear Cells
- Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Monocytes
- Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Cytotoxic T-Cells
- Human Pericardial Fibroblasts
- Human Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells
- Human Ovarian Fibroblasts
- Human Muse cells
- Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells
- Human Mammary Smooth Muscle Cells
- Human Mammary Fibroblasts
- Human Mammary epithelial cells
- Human Lung S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- Human Lung Microsomes Mixed Gender
- Human Liver S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- Human Liver Microsomes Mixed Gender
- Human Liver Microsomes
- Human Kidney Fibroblasts
- Human Islet Beta Cells
- Human Intestine Microsomes Pooled Mixed Gender
- Human Intestinal S9 Fraction Mixed Gender
- Human Hepatocytes in Suspension
- Human Eye Derived Limbal Fibroblasts
- Human Extra Embryonic Fetal Tissues Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Human Extra Embryonic Fetal Tissues Derived CD34 Positive Cells
- Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells
- Human Dental Pulp Derived Mesenchymal stem cells
- Human Dental Pulp Derived Gingival Fibroblasts
- Human Cardiomyocytes
- Human Cardiac Fibroblasts
- Human Bronchial Fibroblasts
- Human Bone Marrow-Derived NK Cells
- Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear cells
- Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Human Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic cells
- Human Bone Marrow-Derived CD 34 positive cells
- Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
- Human Aortic Endothelial Cells
- Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction
- Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Preadipocytes
- Human Adipose Tissue derived Mesenchymal Stem cells
Drop your Query
With recent research, cancer immunotherapy has notably been proven to be effective in eradicating or minimizing the spread of invading primary as well as metastatic tumors. In principle, cancer immunotherapeutics are based on the stimulation of the body’s immune cells against the elimination of cancerous cells; and are accomplished with the help of several methods including but not limited to cytokines, vaccines, adoptive cellular therapy, as well as oncolytic viruses.
Apart from cancers, autoimmune systems have also gained special interest due to the ability of normal immune cells of the body to attack its cells. Accordingly, multiple projects are going on across the world to facilitate different studies including toxicity analysis, graft rejection studies, studies related to inflammation and allergies, drug development, etc.
Kosheeka has a range of primary immune cells including NK cells, dendritic cells, etc.; you just have to design and test treatments as part of your research and development.
In the current age of immunotherapeutics, which is targeting tumor-producing microenvironment (SMEs), the need for immune models prepared by a range of primary immune cells, and further integration of human immune cells are in growing demand. Despite recent advancements in creating xenografts or humanized mice, the drug development of cancer immunotherapeutics relies more on syngeneic animal models due to their intact immune systems (Oslon et.al.; 2018). Contrary to this, engineered human cells or primary human cells offer similar in vivo complexity, while fully retaining physical parameters as well as the cellular composition of a particular organ. This encouraged many researchers to use primary cellular systems to recapitulate the physiological state of the cells within a body and study underlying physical as well as chemical signaling patterns of a particular tumor microenvironment (TME) (Hue et.al.; 2011).
In a variety of upcoming studies interaction between cancer cells and the immune system can be a decision maker in controlling tumor outgrowth or tumor metastasis. Studies have also indicated tumor-promoting inflammation as well as escaping the process of immune-mediated destructions to be the bonafide hallmarks of growing cancer. These experimental models can turn out to be powerful tools for validating results from a clinical specimen.
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) is a key example, to re-engineer a patient’s T-cells to fight their cancer. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors are further examples of immunotherapy. Kosheeka offers a comprehensive portfolio of reliable primary cells, media, reagents, and kits for immune-oncology research. Kosheeka HLA-typed human primary cells from specific organs enable testing of new immunotherapies for off-target effects, with the potential to request certain donor types. The Kosheeka Primary Cancer Culture System (PCCS) allows selective isolation of long-term primary cultures of malignant cells from tumor samples, allowing researchers to deplete benign cells from culture and selectively maintain malignant cells.
With the growing importance of immunotherapies, Kosheeka is ready with its range of products required for experimental models, such as:
- Cytotoxic T cells
- T Helper 1 Cells
- T Helper 2 Cells
- Regulatory T Cells
- B Cells
- Macrophage Cells
- Dendritic Cells
- Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
- Muse Cells
- Customized primary cancer cells
- Optimized cell culture growth media
NK cells
These are the predominant cells present in the innate lymphocyte subsets and are responsible for mediating anti-tumor response or anti-viral response; depending upon the inflammatory profile of the body. With this property, they represent a promising tool for clinical utilization in the case of clinical oncology. Importantly, some recent studies on the pandemic have also revealed NK cells’ ability in mediating anti-viral effector functions with the help of a set of evasion mechanisms.
NK cells as anti-viral models
Different studies are going to identify the relevance of NK cells in mediating anti-viral immune response, and how this important property can be utilized against the spread of virus infection in the form of immunotherapy. Importantly, researchers can find a clue that with the help of memory NK cells, can be adoptively transferred to another naïve host to initiate an appropriate immune response against developing pathogenic entry.
NK Cells mediated anti-tumor mechanism
While NK cells isolated from lymphocytes, represented natural cytotoxicity in certain tumor cells, even in the absence of preimmunization; such as CD56dim NK cells, making up the majority of circulating tumor cells. Studies have also confirmed that these high levels of tumor-infiltrating NK cells are responsible for positive prognostic tumor markers. However, it is very crucial to understand how NK cells are recognized by inhibitory and activating receptor complexes; hence, three recognition models have been studied exclusively, such as ‘missing self’, ‘non-self’, and ‘stress-induced self’. Interestingly, there are also various studies planned to understand how tumor cell receptors are planning to escape the surveillance of NK cells, which may be either by losing the expression of adhesion molecules, upregulation of certain class I MHC complex, etc. Given the importance of NK cells produced clinically, various clinical studies have been designed to understand their therapeutic importance.
- Autologous NK cells were used on patients with metastatic RCC, malignant glioma, and breast cancer. The trial confirmed the limited activity of autologous NK cells (Farag SS, et.al; 2004).
- Allogeneic NK cells were used on patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s disease; and were found to be safe with minimal toxicity (Hayes RL. et.al; 1995).
- Systemic administration was facilitated using allogeneic NK cells on a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma; which was found to have expressed higher cytotoxicity to antibody-coated targeted cells (Berzofsky JA. et.al; 2001).
- Another trial was completed with genetically modified NK cells; which found successful anti-tumor effects along with limited specificity of NK cells (Escudier B, et.al; 1994).
Dendritic Cells
Very important antigen-presenting cells with a unique capacity to activate naïve T Cells; however, their central role in regulating adaptive immune response is yet to be fully appreciated. In the era of lymphocytes, where rulers of immunotherapies like NK cells and dendritic cells were known but ignored; some researchers’ relentless pursuit to know their functions have understood their potential in translating into clinical research.
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells and are located throughout the body as avengers capturing invading pathogens, with the help of multiple triggers like toll-like receptors, phagosomes, etc.
Application of DCS in immune regulation
强烈支持最高的遗传模型capacity of DCs in T cell priming. Some of the preclinical models have confirmed the idea that DCreg can induce immunogenic tolerance and reverse disease phenotype through immunogenic regulation in models of allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, several clinical trials have pushed the idea of using DCreg in clinical applications. These models were prepared to assess hypersensitivity reactions, detect interleukin responses, etc (Gordon JR, et.al; 2005).
The present in vitro data further suggest that naturally occurring dendritic cells can be a more potent and reasonable alternative to monocyte-derived dendritic cells, considering their availability and clinical potency. And the same is in demand by many pharmaceutic companies for the preparation of DC vaccinations.
Thus, the range of products that are being developed at Kosheeka are:
- Monocyte-derived dendritic cells
- Naturally circulating dendritic cells
- Myeloid Dendritic cells
CAR-T Cells
The advent of Chimeric Antigen T cell therapy (CAR-T) has challenged the traditional foundation of cancer therapeutics involving surgery, chemotherapy as well as radiation treatment. Although these continue to be critical mainstay treatments, with a growing understanding of cellular biology and genetics there is a huge transformation in the field of medical oncology.
CAT-T Cell Therapy: A “Living Drug”
如何给病人生活联系的想法吗g that can locate the growing tumor, kill it on the spot and also eradicate the cells that are infected with pathogenic multiplication? However, researchers are still exploring various side effects that were earlier thought to be associated with therapeutic applications of engineered CAR-T cells. Importantly, preclinical mouse/rat models have mostly failed to predict these complications in humans, as they were primarily designed only for testing toxicity at the time of initial observation in patients.
Preclinical models: Cytokine releasing syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity
一些研究表明,其中一个最common and potentially dangerous side effects of CD19 CART cell therapy is CRS and neurotoxicity. As per the American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT), the CRS and its induced neurotoxicity are described as an immune effector cell-associated supraphysiological response following immunotherapies like CART cell therapy. Some of the commonly reported symptoms are activation of endogenous T cells, causing fever, hypotension, capillary leak, and organ dysfunction. CRS is also commonly reported in patients with multiple myeloma post-CART cellular therapy.
Some of the commonly reported manifestations of neurotoxicity, post CART include confusion, language disturbance, deficits in fine motor skills, encephalopathy, dysphasia, aphasia, cerebral edema with coma, and death. For that matter, across various corners of the world, CART cells are evaluated for safety and feasibility with the help of the identification of certain biomarkers. Accordingly, special interests have been developed to study in vitro models created by coculturing with other monolayers of cells; to test the specificity and efficacy of CART cells. More recently, other cells like macrophages are also found to be co-cultured with CART cells, which facilitated mechanistic insights of CRS.
Models for GVHD and rejection
Allogeneic mouse models have been studied for GVHD, post CART therapy; and the model demonstrated limited or no risk due to cumulative signaling initiation pattern by exogenous CAR and endogenous alloreactive TCR, causing possible deletion of transferred T cells, facilitating their functional loss. Alternatively, some studies also employed allogeneic CART cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and coculturing them with other macrophages to study the pattern of GVHD and rejection.
Many more such models are being studied worldwide. Kosheeka will also soon be entering the world of immunotherapeutics by soon offering a range of naturally presenting and genetically engineered CARTs.
- Gordon JR, Li F, Nayyar A, Xiang J, Zhang X, et al. CD8 alpha+, but not CD8 alpha-, dendritic cells tolerize Th2 responses via contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and reverse airway hyperresponsiveness, Th2, and eosinophil responses in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol (2005) 175(3):1516–22. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1516
- Gordon JR, Ma Y, Churchman L, Gordon SA, Dawicki W, et al. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol (2014) 5:7. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00007
- Escudier B, Farace F, Angevin E, Charpentier F, Nitenberg G, Triebel F, et al. Immunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL2) and lymphokine-activated natural killer cells: improvement of clinical responses in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients previously treated with IL2. Eur J Cancer A. 1994;30A:1078–1083.
- Farag SS, Caligiuri MA. Cytokine modulation of the innate immune system in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Adv Pharmacol. 2004;51:295–318.
- Hayes RL, Koslow M, Hiesiger EM, Hymes KB, Hochster HS, Moore EJ, et al. Improved long term survival after intracavitary interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells for adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Cancer. 1995;76:840–852.
- Huh D., Hamilton G.A., Ingber D.E. From 3d cell culture to organs-on-chips. Trends Cell Biol. 2011;21:745–754.
- Parihar R, Nadella P, Lewis A, Jensen R, de Hoff C, Dierksheide JE, et al. A phase I study of interleukin 12 with trastuzumab in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-overexpressing malignancies: analysis of sustained interferon-gamma production in a subset of patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5027–5037.
- Olson B., Li Y., Lin Y., Liu E.T., Patnaik A. Mouse models for cancer immunotherapy research. Cancer Discov. 2018;8:1358–1365.
- Rosenberg SA. Interleukin-2 and the development of immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with cancer. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000. pp. S2–S7.